403

Forbidden

Access to this resource on the server is denied!


Proudly powered by LiteSpeed Web Server

Please be advised that LiteSpeed Technologies Inc. is not a web hosting company and, as such, has no control over content found on this site.

amp-web-push-widget button.amp-subscribe { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; border-radius: 5px; border: 0; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 10px 15px; cursor: pointer; outline: none; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 500; background: #4A90E2; margin-top: 7px; color: white; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } a.heateor_sss_amp{padding:0 4px;}div.heateor_sss_horizontal_sharing a amp-img{display:inline-block;}.heateor_sss_amp_gab img{background-color:#25CC80}.heateor_sss_amp_parler img{background-color:#892E5E}.heateor_sss_amp_gettr img{background-color:#E50000}.heateor_sss_amp_instagram img{background-color:#624E47}.heateor_sss_amp_yummly img{background-color:#E16120}.heateor_sss_amp_youtube img{background-color:#ff0000}.heateor_sss_amp_teams img{background-color:#5059c9}.heateor_sss_amp_google_translate img{background-color:#528ff5}.heateor_sss_amp_x img{background-color:#2a2a2a}.heateor_sss_amp_rutube img{background-color:#14191f}.heateor_sss_amp_buffer img{background-color:#000}.heateor_sss_amp_delicious img{background-color:#53BEEE}.heateor_sss_amp_rss img{background-color:#e3702d}.heateor_sss_amp_facebook img{background-color:#0765FE}.heateor_sss_amp_digg img{background-color:#006094}.heateor_sss_amp_email img{background-color:#649A3F}.heateor_sss_amp_float_it img{background-color:#53BEEE}.heateor_sss_amp_linkedin img{background-color:#0077B5}.heateor_sss_amp_pinterest img{background-color:#CC2329}.heateor_sss_amp_print img{background-color:#FD6500}.heateor_sss_amp_reddit img{background-color:#FF5700}.heateor_sss_amp_mastodon img{background-color:#6364FF}.heateor_sss_amp_stocktwits img{background-color: #40576F}.heateor_sss_amp_mewe img{background-color:#007da1}.heateor_sss_amp_mix img{background-color:#ff8226}.heateor_sss_amp_tumblr img{background-color:#29435D}.heateor_sss_amp_twitter img{background-color:#55acee}.heateor_sss_amp_vkontakte img{background-color:#0077FF}.heateor_sss_amp_yahoo img{background-color:#8F03CC}.heateor_sss_amp_xing img{background-color:#00797D}.heateor_sss_amp_instagram img{background-color:#527FA4}.heateor_sss_amp_whatsapp img{background-color:#55EB4C}.heateor_sss_amp_aim img{background-color: #10ff00}.heateor_sss_amp_amazon_wish_list img{background-color: #ffe000}.heateor_sss_amp_aol_mail img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_app_net img{background-color: #5D5D5D}.heateor_sss_amp_balatarin img{background-color: #fff}.heateor_sss_amp_bibsonomy img{background-color: #000}.heateor_sss_amp_bitty_browser img{background-color: #EFEFEF}.heateor_sss_amp_blinklist img{background-color: #3D3C3B}.heateor_sss_amp_blogger_post img{background-color: #FDA352}.heateor_sss_amp_blogmarks img{background-color: #535353}.heateor_sss_amp_bookmarks_fr img{background-color: #E8EAD4}.heateor_sss_amp_box_net img{background-color: #1A74B0}.heateor_sss_amp_buddymarks img{background-color: #ffd400}.heateor_sss_amp_care2_news img{background-color: #6EB43F}.heateor_sss_amp_comment img{background-color: #444}.heateor_sss_amp_diary_ru img{background-color: #E8D8C6}.heateor_sss_amp_diaspora img{background-color: #2E3436}.heateor_sss_amp_dihitt img{background-color: #FF6300}.heateor_sss_amp_diigo img{background-color: #4A8BCA}.heateor_sss_amp_douban img{background-color: #497700}.heateor_sss_amp_draugiem img{background-color: #ffad66}.heateor_sss_amp_evernote img{background-color: #8BE056}.heateor_sss_amp_facebook_messenger img{background-color: #0084FF}.heateor_sss_amp_fark img{background-color: #555}.heateor_sss_amp_fintel img{background-color: #087515}.heateor_sss_amp_flipboard img{background-color: #CC0000}.heateor_sss_amp_folkd img{background-color: #0F70B2}.heateor_sss_amp_google_news img{background-color: #4285F4}.heateor_sss_amp_google_classroom img{background-color: #FFC112}.heateor_sss_amp_google_gmail img{background-color: #E5E5E5}.heateor_sss_amp_hacker_news img{background-color: #F60}.heateor_sss_amp_hatena img{background-color: #00A6DB}.heateor_sss_amp_instapaper img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_jamespot img{background-color: #FF9E2C}.heateor_sss_amp_kakao img{background-color: #FCB700}.heateor_sss_amp_kik img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_kindle_it img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_known img{background-color: #fff101}.heateor_sss_amp_line img{background-color: #00C300}.heateor_sss_amp_livejournal img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_mail_ru img{background-color: #356FAC}.heateor_sss_amp_mendeley img{background-color: #A70805}.heateor_sss_amp_meneame img{background-color: #FF7D12}.heateor_sss_amp_mixi img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_myspace img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_netlog img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_netvouz img{background-color: #c0ff00}.heateor_sss_amp_newsvine img{background-color: #055D00}.heateor_sss_amp_nujij img{background-color: #D40000}.heateor_sss_amp_odnoklassniki img{background-color: #F2720C}.heateor_sss_amp_oknotizie img{background-color: #fdff88}.heateor_sss_amp_outlook_com img{background-color: #0072C6}.heateor_sss_amp_papaly img{background-color: #3AC0F6}.heateor_sss_amp_pinboard img{background-color: #1341DE}.heateor_sss_amp_plurk img{background-color: #CF682F}.heateor_sss_amp_pocket img{background-color: #ee4056}.heateor_sss_amp_polyvore img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_printfriendly img{background-color: #61D1D5}.heateor_sss_amp_protopage_bookmarks img{background-color: #413FFF}.heateor_sss_amp_pusha img{background-color: #0072B8}.heateor_sss_amp_qzone img{background-color: #2B82D9}.heateor_sss_amp_refind img{background-color: #1492ef}.heateor_sss_amp_rediff_mypage img{background-color: #D20000}.heateor_sss_amp_renren img{background-color: #005EAC}.heateor_sss_amp_segnalo img{background-color: #fdff88}.heateor_sss_amp_sina_weibo img{background-color: #ff0}.heateor_sss_amp_sitejot img{background-color: #ffc800}.heateor_sss_amp_skype img{background-color: #00AFF0}.heateor_sss_amp_sms img{background-color: #6ebe45}.heateor_sss_amp_slashdot img{background-color: #004242}.heateor_sss_amp_stumpedia img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_svejo img{background-color: #fa7aa3}.heateor_sss_amp_symbaloo_feeds img{background-color: #6DA8F7}.heateor_sss_amp_telegram img{background-color: #3DA5f1}.heateor_sss_amp_trello img{background-color: #1189CE}.heateor_sss_amp_tuenti img{background-color: #0075C9}.heateor_sss_amp_twiddla img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_typepad_post img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_viadeo img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_viber img{background-color: #8B628F}.heateor_sss_amp_webnews img{background-color: #CC2512}.heateor_sss_amp_wordpress img{background-color: #464646}.heateor_sss_amp_wykop img{background-color: #367DA9}.heateor_sss_amp_yahoo_mail img{background-color: #400090}.heateor_sss_amp_yahoo_messenger img{background-color: #400090}.heateor_sss_amp_yoolink img{background-color: #A2C538}.heateor_sss_amp_youmob img{background-color: #3B599D}.heateor_sss_amp_gentlereader img{background-color: #46aecf}.heateor_sss_amp_threema img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_bluesky img{background-color:#0085ff}.heateor_sss_amp_threads img{background-color:#000}.heateor_sss_amp_raindrop img{background-color:#0b7ed0}.heateor_sss_amp_micro_blog img{background-color:#ff8800}.heateor_sss_amp amp-img{border-radius:999px;}/** * Jetpack related posts */ /** * The Gutenberg block */ .jp-related-posts-i2 { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .jp-related-posts-i2__list { --hgap: 1rem; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; column-gap: var(--hgap); row-gap: 2rem; margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style-type: none; } .jp-related-posts-i2__post { display: flex; flex-direction: column; /* Default: 2 items by row */ flex-basis: calc( ( 100% - var(--hgap) ) / 2 ); } /* Quantity qeuries: see https://alistapart.com/article/quantity-queries-for-css/ */ .jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(n+3):first-child, .jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(n+3):first-child ~ * { /* From 3 total items on, 3 items by row */ flex-basis: calc( ( 100% - var(--hgap) * 2 ) / 3 ); } .jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(4):first-child, .jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(4):first-child ~ * { /* Exception for 4 total items: 2 items by row */ flex-basis: calc( ( 100% - var(--hgap) ) / 2 ); } .jp-related-posts-i2__post-link { display: flex; flex-direction: column; row-gap: 0.5rem; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 1rem; line-height: 1.2; } .jp-related-posts-i2__post-link:focus-visible { outline-offset: 2px; } .jp-related-posts-i2__post-img { order: -1; max-width: 100%; } .jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs { margin: 0; list-style-type: unset; } /* Hide, except from screen readers */ .jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs dt { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); white-space: nowrap; } .jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs dd { margin: 0; } /* List view */ .jp-relatedposts-i2[data-layout="list"] .jp-related-posts-i2__list { display: block; } .jp-relatedposts-i2[data-layout="list"] .jp-related-posts-i2__post { margin-bottom: 2rem; } /* Breakpoints */ @media only screen and (max-width: 640px) { .jp-related-posts-i2__list { display: block; } .jp-related-posts-i2__post { margin-bottom: 2rem; } } /* Container */ #jp-relatedposts { display: none; padding-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0; position: relative; clear: both; } .jp-relatedposts:after { content: ''; display: block; clear: both; } /* Headline above related posts section, labeled "Related" */ #jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline { margin: 0 0 1em 0; display: inline-block; float: left; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: inherit; } #jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline em:before { content: ""; display: block; width: 100%; min-width: 30px; border-top: 1px solid #dcdcde; border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.2); margin-bottom: 1em; } #jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline em { font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; } /* Related posts items (wrapping items) */ #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items { clear: left; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual { margin-right: -20px; } /* Related posts item */ #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post { float: left; width: 33%; margin: 0 0 1em; /* Needs to be same as the main outer wrapper for Related Posts */ box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post { padding-right: 20px; filter: alpha(opacity=80); -moz-opacity: .8; opacity: .8; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post:nth-child(3n+4), #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post:nth-child(3n+4) { clear: both; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post:hover .jp-relatedposts-post-title a { text-decoration: underline; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post:hover { filter: alpha(opacity=100); -moz-opacity: 1; opacity: 1; } /* Related posts item content */ #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual h4.jp-relatedposts-post-title, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items p, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items time { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post-nothumbs { position:relative; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post-nothumbs a.jp-relatedposts-post-aoverlay { position:absolute; top:0; bottom:0; left:0; right:0; display:block; border-bottom: 0; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items p, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items time { margin-bottom: 0; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual h4.jp-relatedposts-post-title { text-transform: none; margin: 0; font-family: inherit; display: block; max-width: 100%; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post .jp-relatedposts-post-title a { font-size: inherit; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; filter: alpha(opacity=100); -moz-opacity: 1; opacity: 1; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post .jp-relatedposts-post-title a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post img.jp-relatedposts-post-img, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post span { display: block; max-width: 90%; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post img.jp-relatedposts-post-img, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post span { height: auto; max-width: 100%; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post .jp-relatedposts-post-date, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post .jp-relatedposts-post-context { opacity: .6; } /* Hide the date by default, but leave the element there if a theme wants to use css to make it visible. */ .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post .jp-relatedposts-post-date { display: none; } /* Behavior when there are thumbnails in visual mode */ #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual div.jp-relatedposts-post-thumbs p.jp-relatedposts-post-excerpt { display: none; } /* Behavior when there are no thumbnails in visual mode */ #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post-nothumbs p.jp-relatedposts-post-excerpt { overflow: hidden; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual .jp-relatedposts-post-nothumbs span { margin-bottom: 1em; } /* List Layout */ #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-list .jp-relatedposts-post { clear: both; width: 100%; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-list .jp-relatedposts-post img.jp-relatedposts-post-img { float: left; overflow: hidden; max-width: 33%; margin-right: 3%; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-list h4.jp-relatedposts-post-title { display: inline-block; max-width: 63%; } /* * Responsive */ @media only screen and (max-width: 640px) { #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post { width: 50%; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post:nth-child(3n) { clear: left; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items-visual { margin-right: 20px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 320px) { #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post { width: 100%; clear: both; margin: 0 0 1em; } #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-list .jp-relatedposts-post img.jp-relatedposts-post-img, #jp-relatedposts .jp-relatedposts-list h4.jp-relatedposts-post-title { float: none; max-width: 100%; margin-right: 0; } } /* * Hide the related post section in the print view of a post */ @media print { .jp-relatedposts { display:none ; } }.wp-block-jetpack-rating-star span:not([aria-hidden="true"]) { display: none; } .amp-logo amp-img{width:190px} .amp-menu input{display:none;}.amp-menu li.menu-item-has-children ul{display:none;}.amp-menu li{position:relative;display:block;}.amp-menu > li a{display:block;} /* Inline styles */ div.acsse3e3c{font-weight:bold;}amp-img.acss334b9{max-width:35px;}span.acss13448{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;}p.acssa5e2f{cursor:inherit;}span.acss0f1bf{display:none;}svg.acss7916f{color:#999;fill:#999;} .icon-widgets:before {content: "\e1bd";}.icon-search:before {content: "\e8b6";}.icon-shopping-cart:after {content: "\e8cc";} a.heateor_sss_amp{padding:0 4px;}div.heateor_sss_horizontal_sharing a amp-amp-img{display:inline-block;}.heateor_sss_amp_instagram amp-img{background-color:#624E47}.heateor_sss_amp_yummly amp-img{background-color:#E16120}.heateor_sss_amp_youtube amp-img{background-color:#ff0000}.heateor_sss_amp_buffer amp-img{background-color:#000}.heateor_sss_amp_delicious amp-img{background-color:#53BEEE}.heateor_sss_amp_facebook amp-img{background-color:#3C589A}.heateor_sss_amp_digg amp-img{background-color:#006094}.heateor_sss_amp_email amp-img{background-color:#649A3F}.heateor_sss_amp_float_it amp-img{background-color:#53BEEE}.heateor_sss_amp_linkedin amp-img{background-color:#0077B5}.heateor_sss_amp_pinterest amp-img{background-color:#CC2329}.heateor_sss_amp_print amp-img{background-color:#FD6500}.heateor_sss_amp_reddit amp-img{background-color:#FF5700}.heateor_sss_amp_stocktwits amp-img{background-color: #40576F}.heateor_sss_amp_mewe amp-img{background-color:#007da1}.heateor_sss_amp_mix amp-img{background-color:#ff8226}.heateor_sss_amp_tumblr amp-img{background-color:#29435D}.heateor_sss_amp_twitter amp-img{background-color:#55acee}.heateor_sss_amp_vkontakte amp-img{background-color:#5E84AC}.heateor_sss_amp_yahoo amp-img{background-color:#8F03CC}.heateor_sss_amp_xing amp-img{background-color:#00797D}.heateor_sss_amp_instagram amp-img{background-color:#527FA4}.heateor_sss_amp_whatsapp amp-img{background-color:#55EB4C}.heateor_sss_amp_aim amp-img{background-color: #10ff00}.heateor_sss_amp_amazon_wish_list amp-img{background-color: #ffe000}.heateor_sss_amp_aol_mail amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_app_net amp-img{background-color: #5D5D5D}.heateor_sss_amp_baidu amp-img{background-color: #2319DC}.heateor_sss_amp_balatarin amp-img{background-color: #fff}.heateor_sss_amp_bibsonomy amp-img{background-color: #000}.heateor_sss_amp_bitty_browser amp-img{background-color: #EFEFEF}.heateor_sss_amp_blinklist amp-img{background-color: #3D3C3B}.heateor_sss_amp_blogger_post amp-img{background-color: #FDA352}.heateor_sss_amp_blogmarks amp-img{background-color: #535353}.heateor_sss_amp_bookmarks_fr amp-img{background-color: #E8EAD4}.heateor_sss_amp_box_net amp-img{background-color: #1A74B0}.heateor_sss_amp_buddymarks amp-img{background-color: #ffd400}.heateor_sss_amp_care2_news amp-img{background-color: #6EB43F}.heateor_sss_amp_citeulike amp-img{background-color: #2781CD}.heateor_sss_amp_comment amp-img{background-color: #444}.heateor_sss_amp_diary_ru amp-img{background-color: #E8D8C6}.heateor_sss_amp_diaspora amp-img{background-color: #2E3436}.heateor_sss_amp_dihitt amp-img{background-color: #FF6300}.heateor_sss_amp_diigo amp-img{background-color: #4A8BCA}.heateor_sss_amp_douban amp-img{background-color: #497700}.heateor_sss_amp_draugiem amp-img{background-color: #ffad66}.heateor_sss_amp_dzone amp-img{background-color: #fff088}.heateor_sss_amp_evernote amp-img{background-color: #8BE056}.heateor_sss_amp_facebook_messenger amp-img{background-color: #0084FF}.heateor_sss_amp_fark amp-img{background-color: #555}.heateor_sss_amp_fintel amp-img{background-color: #087515}.heateor_sss_amp_flipboard amp-img{background-color: #CC0000}.heateor_sss_amp_folkd amp-img{background-color: #0F70B2}.heateor_sss_amp_google_classroom amp-img{background-color: #FFC112}.heateor_sss_amp_google_bookmarks amp-img{background-color: #CB0909}.heateor_sss_amp_google_gmail amp-img{background-color: #E5E5E5}.heateor_sss_amp_hacker_news amp-img{background-color: #F60}.heateor_sss_amp_hatena amp-img{background-color: #00A6DB}.heateor_sss_amp_instapaper amp-img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_jamespot amp-img{background-color: #FF9E2C}.heateor_sss_amp_kakao amp-img{background-color: #FCB700}.heateor_sss_amp_kik amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_kindle_it amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_known amp-img{background-color: #fff101}.heateor_sss_amp_line amp-img{background-color: #00C300}.heateor_sss_amp_livejournal amp-img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_mail_ru amp-img{background-color: #356FAC}.heateor_sss_amp_mendeley amp-img{background-color: #A70805}.heateor_sss_amp_meneame amp-img{background-color: #FF7D12}.heateor_sss_amp_mixi amp-img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_myspace amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_netlog amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_netvouz amp-img{background-color: #c0ff00}.heateor_sss_amp_newsvine amp-img{background-color: #055D00}.heateor_sss_amp_nujij amp-img{background-color: #D40000}.heateor_sss_amp_odnoklassniki amp-img{background-color: #F2720C}.heateor_sss_amp_oknotizie amp-img{background-color: #fdff88}.heateor_sss_amp_outlook_com amp-img{background-color: #0072C6}.heateor_sss_amp_papaly amp-img{background-color: #3AC0F6}.heateor_sss_amp_pinboard amp-img{background-color: #1341DE}.heateor_sss_amp_plurk amp-img{background-color: #CF682F}.heateor_sss_amp_pocket amp-img{background-color: #f0f0f0}.heateor_sss_amp_polyvore amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_printfriendly amp-img{background-color: #61D1D5}.heateor_sss_amp_protopage_bookmarks amp-img{background-color: #413FFF}.heateor_sss_amp_pusha amp-img{background-color: #0072B8}.heateor_sss_amp_qzone amp-img{background-color: #2B82D9}.heateor_sss_amp_refind amp-img{background-color: #1492ef}.heateor_sss_amp_rediff_mypage amp-img{background-color: #D20000}.heateor_sss_amp_renren amp-img{background-color: #005EAC}.heateor_sss_amp_segnalo amp-img{background-color: #fdff88}.heateor_sss_amp_sina_weibo amp-img{background-color: #ff0}.heateor_sss_amp_sitejot amp-img{background-color: #ffc800}.heateor_sss_amp_skype amp-img{background-color: #00AFF0}.heateor_sss_amp_sms amp-img{background-color: #6ebe45}.heateor_sss_amp_slashdot amp-img{background-color: #004242}.heateor_sss_amp_stumpedia amp-img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_svejo amp-img{background-color: #fa7aa3}.heateor_sss_amp_symbaloo_feeds amp-img{background-color: #6DA8F7}.heateor_sss_amp_telegram amp-img{background-color: #3DA5f1}.heateor_sss_amp_trello amp-img{background-color: #1189CE}.heateor_sss_amp_tuenti amp-img{background-color: #0075C9}.heateor_sss_amp_twiddla amp-img{background-color: #EDEDED}.heateor_sss_amp_typepad_post amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_viadeo amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_amp_viber amp-img{background-color: #8B628F}.heateor_sss_amp_wanelo amp-img{background-color: #fff}.heateor_sss_amp_webnews amp-img{background-color: #CC2512}.heateor_sss_amp_wordpress amp-img{background-color: #464646}.heateor_sss_amp_wykop amp-img{background-color: #367DA9}.heateor_sss_amp_yahoo_mail amp-img{background-color: #400090}.heateor_sss_amp_yahoo_messenger amp-img{background-color: #400090}.heateor_sss_amp_yoolink amp-img{background-color: #A2C538}.heateor_sss_amp_youmob amp-img{background-color: #3B599D}.heateor_sss_amp_gentlereader amp-img{background-color: #46aecf}.heateor_sss_amp_threema amp-img{background-color: #2A2A2A}.heateor_sss_vertical_sharing{position: fixed;left:11px;z-index: 99999;}.heateor-total-share-count .sss_share_count{color:#666;font-size:23px;}.heateor-total-share-count .sss_share_lbl{color:#666;}.amp-wp-article-content .heateor_sss_vertical_sharing {left:5px;}amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes[alt="Pinterest"]{background: #cc2329;border-radius: 50%;margin: 0 5px 0 0;}amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes[alt="Viber"]{background: #8b628f;}amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes[alt="Print"]{background: #fd6500;}amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes[alt="Threema"]{background: #2a2a2a;}amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes[alt="Pinterest"]{left:4px;}amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes[alt="MySpace"]{background: #2a2a2a;}
Categories: Blog

How Many Sparkling Gourami in 10 Gallon : Optimal Fish Density for Your Aquarium

Spread the love
(Last Updated On: )

In a 10-gallon tank, it is recommended to keep up to two sparkling gouramis. Sparkling gouramis, also known as Trichopsis pumila, are small and peaceful fish that are well-suited for small aquariums.

They are native to Southeast Asia and are known for their vibrant colors and sparkling scales. These fish have a calm temperament, making them suitable for community tanks. However, due to their territorial nature, it is better to keep them in pairs to prevent aggression.

With a maximum size of about 1. 5 inches, these gouramis are a great option for smaller tanks. In addition to providing them with a suitable environment, it is important to maintain good water quality and provide a varied diet for their well-being. Overall, sparkling gouramis can be a beautiful and enjoyable addition to a 10-gallon aquarium.

Tank Size And Its Role

The tank size plays a crucial role in determining the number of Sparkling Gourami that can be kept in a 10-gallon tank. It is important to consider the relationship between tank size and fish density, as it directly affects the health and well-being of the fish.

A smaller tank size, such as a 10-gallon tank, limits the amount of space available for fish to swim and thrive. The density of fish in a smaller tank can lead to increased stress levels and poor water quality. To ensure the optimal health of Sparkling Gourami, it is recommended to avoid overcrowding and maintain a lower fish density in a 10-gallon tank.

By providing an adequate tank size, Sparkling Gourami can exhibit their natural behaviors and have sufficient space to swim and explore their surroundings. It is essential to prioritize the welfare of the fish by providing a suitable tank size and avoiding overstocking. This will contribute to a healthier and more enjoyable environment for both the fish and the aquarist.

Sparkling Gourami Behavior

Sparkling Gourami, a type of small freshwater fish, is known for its unique social behavior. These colorful fish have engaging territorial instincts, which add interest and excitement to any aquarium. They are generally peaceful and can be kept in small groups, but it’s important to provide them with the right conditions to thrive.

Social Behavior: Sparkling Gouramis are known to be social creatures, and they often form small hierarchies within their groups. They establish a pecking order, where dominant individuals exhibit more control over resources and prime territory in the tank. However, aggression is usually minimal, and these fish tend to coexist peacefully. They enjoy swimming and exploring together, creating a visually captivating display for aquarium enthusiasts.

Territorial Instincts: Sparkling Gouramis have a natural territorial instinct, which means they like to claim a space as their own. In a well-planted aquarium, they will establish their territories among the plants, rocks, and other decorative elements. These boundaries provide a sense of security and stability for the fish. It’s important to provide plenty of hiding spots and visual barriers to help them establish and maintain their territories.

Calculating Fish Density

Factors to Consider
Number of plants and hiding spots in the tank.
Adult size and territorial behavior of the Sparkling Gourami.
Water quality and filtration system maintenance.

Formula for Calculating Fish Density: To calculate, divide tank volume by adult fish size.

Ensure proper conditions and space for each Sparkling Gourami.

Recommended Fish Density For Sparkling Gouramis

Sparkling gouramis are best kept in small groups in a 10-gallon tank, with a recommended density of 1 male to 2 or 3 females. It is important to note the territorial nature of male gouramis, which means a single male should be kept with multiple females to prevent aggression. When housing them together with other fish, ensure that the tank is well-planted and provides hiding spaces to reduce stress. Consider the behavior of sparkling gouramis, as they may be timid in brightly lit tanks, so providing dim lighting can be beneficial. Additionally, they thrive in warm water temperatures, so maintaining a stable temperature between 77-82°F is crucial for their well-being.


Maintaining Water Quality

Filtration Systems: Choosing the right filtration system for a 10-gallon tank is crucial for maintaining water quality. Look for a filter that provides both mechanical and biological filtration to keep the water clean and healthy for Sparkling Gouramis.

Water Parameters: Monitor the water parameters regularly to ensure they remain within the ideal range for Sparkling Gouramis. Maintaining stable water parameters is essential for the overall health and well-being of these delicate fish.

Potential Challenges

Overcrowding Risks: Keeping many Sparkling Gouramis in a small 10-gallon tank can lead to overcrowding issues.

Behavioral Issues: Along with territorial disputes, the fish may exhibit aggressive behaviors due to lack of space.

Frequently Asked Questions Of How Many Sparkling Gourami In 10 Gallon

How Many Sparkling Gouramis Can Fit In A 10-gallon Tank?

In a 10-gallon tank, you can comfortably house 3 to 4 Sparkling Gouramis. It’s important to consider their social nature and provide ample hiding spots and plants to ensure their well-being.

What Are The Key Factors To Consider When Housing Sparkling Gouramis?

When setting up a tank for Sparkling Gouramis, ensure proper filtration, gentle water flow, and a well-planted environment. Additionally, maintain stable water parameters and offer a varied diet to support their health and vibrant colors.

What Type Of Temperament Do Sparkling Gouramis Exhibit In Aquariums?

Sparkling Gouramis are peaceful and sociable fish, making them suitable for community tanks. Their tranquil nature and striking appearance make them a delightful addition to a well-maintained aquarium.

How Can I Ensure The Optimal Conditions For Sparkling Gouramis In A 10-gallon Tank?

To create a suitable environment for Sparkling Gouramis, maintain stable water parameters, provide ample hiding spots, and incorporate live plants. Additionally, regular water changes and a balanced diet contribute to their overall well-being.

Conclusion

In a 10 gallon tank, Sparkling Gouramis create a vibrant aquatic display. Keeping a small group can enhance their social behavior. Remember proper care and tank maintenance for their well-being. Enjoy the beauty of these colorful and peaceful fish in your home aquarium.

Rajib

Hey This is Rajib , A pet Lover..

Share
Published by
Rajib